Research on Closed-Loop Supply Chain Decision-Making in Different Cooperation Modes with Government’s Reward-Penalty Mechanism

In closed-loop supply chains (CLSC), manufacturers, retailers, and recyclers perform their duties. Due to the asymmetry of information among enterprises, it is difficult for them maximize efficiency profits. To profit CLSC, this study establishes five cooperation models CLSC under government‘s reward–penalty mechanism. We make decisions on wholesale prices, retail transfer payment recovery rates relying Stackelberg game method compare optimal decisions. This paper analyzes impact government reward-penalty mechanism how members in choose partners. find that government’s can effectively increase recycling rate used products total chain. According calculation results models, mechanism, improve CLSC’s capacity profitability. a chain, more participate cooperation, higher obtain. However, mode all may lead monopoly, which not approved by customers.